Chemistry - Molarity

Molarity

Solute – The substance that is being dissolved (ex. Ice tea crystals)

Solvent – The substance doing the dissolving (ex. Water)

Solvation Process – The process of dissolving a solute in a solvent

A solution – is a mixture of a solute mixed in a solvent; solutions can be liquid, solids, or gases

Also see Moles for conversions for the number of moles

Molarity (M) – The number of moles of solute dissolved in one litre of solvent

Molairty = N/V

N = number of moles

V = Volume (L)

Molarity can be written as- moles per litre, M, mols/L, Molar, mols L^-1

This triangle means that if you are trying to find the number of moles, divide N/V.

Number of Moles is equal to Molarity times Volume, and volume is the same as Number of moles divided by Molarity.

Chemistry - Moles

Moles, they are a unit of measurement.  Moles are a representative particle.
Avogadro's Number, or Avogadro's Constant. 
It is equal to =  6.02 × 10²³

For more help, there is a song to remember it called 'A Mole Is A Unit'.

If you have a mass of a substance, you can convert it to moles by multiplying it by 1mole over the molar mass (g), or 1mole/molar mass(g).

If you have the volume of a substance, you can convert it to moles by multiplying it by 1mole over 22.4 litres (L), or 1mole/22.4L.  Note, this is assuming that it is in STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure).

If you have the amount of representative particles, example atoms, molecules, ions, etc. you would take the amount and multiply it by 1mole over avagadro's number, or 1 mole over 6.02x10^23. 

Once you convert anything to moles, you can convert to Mass (g), Representative Particles (atoms, etc.) or Volume (L). 

Here is a Y Chart to help with the conversions.

Here is an example going from grams (mass) to molecules (representative particles).
The question is: How many molecules are there in 450 grams of Na₂SO₄ ?

* Notes, remember significant figures and units!
* Moles are used a lot in chemistry, and chemistry related topics!
*Good luck!

Enzymes

Enzymes are biological catalyst.
This means it has lower activation energy when it performs a chemical reation.

Factors that affect enzymes:
- Substrate Concentration: the more substate, the more collisions
- Temperature: The higher the temperature, the more collisions.  To high causes denature.
- pH: all enzymes have their own optimum pH level

Coenzymes:
Coenzymes are non-protein molecules.  They help perform reactions by carrying chemcial groups or electrons.

Biology Fatty Acids

What is a Fatty Acid.
A Fatty Acid contains a carboxyl ending [COOH] after a long hydrocarbon chain.

a. Saturated Fat - Has no double bonds

Ex. CH₃ – CH₂ – CH₂ – CH₂ – CH₂ – COOH

b. Unsaturated Fat - Has double bonds

Ex. CH₃ – CH₂ – CH = CH – CH₂ – COOH

Therefore, the difference between a saturated and unsatruated fats are double bonds.